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Primii fanarioți din Țările Române erau parte din elita iluministă și progresistă a Europei secolului XVIII!

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Fanarioții prin administrarea comună a celor două principate au impus în conștiința europeană ideea unității de limbă, religie, etnică și instituțională a Moldovei și Munteniei. Odată, cu venirea primului domnitor fanariot Nicolae Mavrocordat, la 1716, pe tronul Țării Românești a început un proces de eliminare a slavonei din limba de cult și din administrarea, precum și impunerea limbilor române și grecești. S-au înființat școli în limba română și greacă, precum și cea mai mare bibliotecă iluministă la Mănăstirea Văcărești, ctitoria lui Nicolae Mavrocordat. Limba română e repusă în drepturi, iar eliminarea slavonei a însemnat și îndepărtarea elitelor bisericești și politice de popoarele slave, care erau încurajate spre autonomie de noua putere în ascensiune, Rusia care dorea să preia controlul în dauna Porții Otomane. Fanarioții au încurajat frăția culturală și politică româno-grecească, lucru ce a culminat cu revoluția lui Tudor de la 1821, care a pornit odată cu mișcarea de eliberară greacă a Eteriei. Fanarioții de la început au încercat să se contopească în elita autohtonă. Fanarioții au refăcut și legătura cu marea cultură iluministă occidentală. Prin conducerea Mavrocordaților, Țările Române au implementat reforme culturale, economice și politice de tip iluminist, cu zeci de ani înaintea Imperiului Habsburgic, Prusiei și Franței. Desființarea iobăgiei din Țările Române la 1746/1749 s-a făcut cu o sută de ani înaintea Imperiului Habsburgic și Prusiei și a Rusiei. Nicolae Mavrocordat, care a domnit între 1716 – 1730 în diferite perioade pe tronurile de la Iași și București se considera un despot luminat și constituțional, înainte ca Frederic cel Mare să spună asta despre el ca rege al Prusiei sau Iosif al II-lea s[ se prezinte ca reformator iluminist. Mavrocordații erau conectați la marile curente iluministe europene și corespondau cu elita culturală din Republica Literelor europene. Nicolae Mavrocordat s-a născut la 3 mai 1680 în Constantinopol și era fiul marelui dragoman Alexandru Mavrocordat Exaporitul, din familia fanariotă Mavrocordat și al Sultanei Hrisoscoleu. Prin bunica sa, fiica lui Alexandru Iliaș, se înrudea și cu familia domnitoare a Mușatinilor. Constantin Mavrocordat vorbea greaca, turca, persana, franceza, rusa și a învățat româna pe tronurile Țărilor Române. Știa și elemente de ebraică. A corespondat cu prieteni ai lui Voltaire și Montesquieu, precum și cu cărturarul Jean Le Clerc din Amsterdam, care-i cumpăra ultimele cărți apărute în Europa și i le trimitea la București. O carte iarna, prin poștă, ajungea în circa două luni de la Amsterdam la București. Pe Jean le Clerc domnul fanariot l-a plătit să-i traducă în franceză primul său roman ”Răgazurile lui Filotheu”, scris în greaca arhaizantă, fiind prima încercare beletristică din cultura elenă. Romanul a fost scris când domnul era închis de austrieci la Sibiu și Alba-Iulia înainte de a reveni pe tronul de la București. Romanul, primul scris pe teritoriul românesc, este o radiografie a vieții culturale multietnice a Imperiului otoman și critică absolutismul, religia musulmană și faptul că nebunia era o formă a credinței la curtea sultanilor. El propunea victoria rațiunii în treburile administrative. Domnul developează ipocrizia turcilor, care prin religie refuzau alcoolul ca băutură interzisă, dar în realitate beau vin pe ascuns. Laudă civilizația persană și toleranța religioasă din ”epoca lalelelor” și reformele sultanului Ahmet al III-lea alungat mai târziu, de pe tron, de fundamentaliști. Nu a mai publicat romanul în franceză după apariția ”Scrisorilor persane” ale lui Montesquieu, care a fost reeditat de 16 ori într-un singur an. Succesul acesta l-a făcut pe Nicolae Mavrocordat să renunțe, considerând că romanul său nu se ridică la nivelul celui francez, deși aveau aceeași temă privind imperiul otoman. Nicolae Mavrocordat a murit de ciumă la 14 septembrie 1730 în București și a fost înmormântat la Mănăstirea Văcărești. Fiind un eminent filosof, a scris lucrările: Sfaturi (manuscris), Despre datorii (tipărită la Londra), Cuvânt împotriva nicotinei (Iași, 1786), Precuvântări la actele patriarhalicești (manuscris). Nicolae Mavrocordat a favorizat dezvoltarea învăţământului în Moldova. In 1714 el a reorganizat Academia Domnească de la Iaşi, fondată în 1707 de către Antioh Cantemir. Domnul era un pasionat cititor, făcând note pe marginea lucrărilor celebrului cugetător politic florentin Nicolo Machiavelli, îl admira pe vestitul filosof englez Francis Bacon”. Din porunca lui Nicolae Mavrocordat, cronicarul Nicolae Costin a alcătuit un corp de cronici, închegând într-o singură povestire istoria Ţării Moldovei. Perioada consacrată domniilor lui Dimitrie Cantemir şi Nicolae Mavrocordat au în această cronică un caracter original. Avea secretari pe marii cărturari Ștefan Bergler, Antoine Epis și Nicolae Wolf. La curte a adus doi prieteni, pe portughezul Daniel de Fonseca și pe negustorul englez Falkner, care erau prieteni cu Voltaire. Domnul era la curent cu toate ideile progresiste ale Europei, care le-a inclus în cartea ”Despre îndatoriri” publicată la București în 1719, fiind printre primele cărți de filosofie iluministă publicate în Europa. Era considerat un principe-filosof, admirat de Republica Literelor. În ”Maximele” sale a adus în principate ideile liberale, cartea fiind o adaptare după cele ale lui La Rochefoucauld. A mai corespondat cu Fabricius și arhiepiscopul de Cantebury William Wake. Romanul ”Răgazurile lui Filotheu” au fost publicate de Grigoris Konstantis la Viena în 1800, fiind o surpriză pentru Europa iluministă și barocă. Imensa bibliotecă a lui Constantin Mavrocordat se regăsește azi la Biblioteca Academiei Române, după demolarea Mănăstirii Văcărești de către Ceaușescu în 1986.

Alt domn reformator a fost Constantin Mavrocordat care s-a născut la 27 februarie 1711 la Constantinopol și a fost fiul domnitorului grec Nicolae Mavrocordat și al Pulheriei Tzuchi, fiind crescut în țară. Este ales domn de către boieri. În timpul domniilor avute, a căutat să îmbunătățească starea supușilor. A fost domnul care a suprimat iobăgia în țările române: mai întâi rumânia în Țara Românească (1746), apoi vecinia în Moldova (1749). În același an, 1735, la un an de la aprinderea luminilor primei loji masonice autohtone de către secretarul său, Anton Maria del Chiaro, fondează la Iași, Loja Moldova. În 1769, în timpul războiului ruso-turc, Constantin Mavrocordat se retrage de la Iași la Galați. La 1 decembrie este prins de ruși la Mănăstirea ”Sfânta Precista” unde zăcea bolnav. În urma unor discuții aprinse este rănit la cap cu sabia de un ofițer rus. În timpul întoarcerii la Iași, rana se cangrenează, iar domnul moare pe 15 decembrie 1769, fiind înmormântat cu toată pompa cuvenită. El nu a scris cărți de filosofie ca tatăl său, dar a devenit primul principe reformator în manieră iluministă și progresistă a Europei baroce. Despre contribuția Mavrocordaților la sincronimul Țărilor Române la Europa, puteți găsi informații inedite în cartea lui Jacques Bouchard – ”Nicolae Mavrocordat, domn și cărturar al iluminismului timpuriu (1680 – 1730), Ed. Omonia, 2006”. Sincronimul cultural european nu este doar apanajul pașoptiștilor, așa cum vedea lucrurile Eugen Lovinescu, ci, iată, al primilor fanarioți de la începutul secolului XVIII. În această perioadă, Țările Române s-au integrat cultural și prin reforme Europei civilizate. Prin acești domni fanarioți, Țările Române au fost în avangarda reformelor europene înaintea multor țări occidentale.

Ionuț Țene

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